## Customizing a Second Order Dynamical System

$\frac{{d}^{2}x}{d{t}^{2}}+2\zeta \omega \frac{dx}{dt}+{\omega }^{2}x=0$

The above classical textbook equation describes a 2nd order dynamical system. In this formulation, x(t) represents the displacement, ω represents the natural frequency, and ζ represents the damping ratio. To simulate this system with IVSOLVE, we transform it to two first order equations:

$\frac{dx}{dt}=v$ $\frac{dv}{dt}=-2\zeta \omega v-{\omega }^{2}x$

Using the named variables and initial values, we define the input to IVSOLVE as shown in Table 1.

 Variables with initial values Parameters Equations A B C D 1 2 t omega 1 3 x 1 zeta 0.25 4 v 0 5 6 dx/dt =v 7 dv/dt =-2*zeta*omega*v-omega^2*x

Next, we evaluate the array formula =IVSOLVE(B6:B7, (t,x,v), {0,12}) in array I1:K41 and obtain the solution shown Table 2 and plotted in Figure 1.

Note. ExceLab 365 users pass system variables by range reference B2:B4 or as "(t,x,v)" . Google Sheets users pass by range reference or as {t,x,v}

 I J K 1 t x v 2 0 1 0 3 0.4 0.926057 -0.35295 4 0.8 0.733004 -0.59143 5 1.2 0.470053 -0.70204 6 1.6 0.187507 -0.69215 7 2 -0.07064 -0.585 8 2.4 -0.2719 -0.41357 9 2.8 -0.39777 -0.21403 10 3.2 -0.4439 -0.02004 11 3.6 -0.41815 0.14165 12 4 -0.33723 0.253773 13 4.4 -0.22273 0.309249 14 4.8 -0.09711 0.31042 15 5.2 0.019632 0.26696 16 5.6 0.112406 0.193178 17 6 0.172275 0.10513 18 6.4 0.19664 0.018001 19 6.8 0.188456 -0.05592 20 7.2 0.154784 -0.10843 21 7.6 0.105069 -0.13591 22 8 0.049333 -0.13896 23 8.4 -0.00336 -0.12157 24 8.8 -0.04602 -0.08994 25 9.2 -0.07437 -0.05117 26 9.6 -0.08693 -0.01211 27 10 -0.08478 0.021603 28 10.4 -0.07088 0.046117 29 10.8 -0.04936 0.059586 30 11.2 -0.02468 0.062088 31 11.6 -0.00094 0.055252 32 12 0.018627 0.041749

The solution shows that the system is underdamped with an absolute overshoot over 0.4 at approximately a peak time of 3.3. In this exercise, we will customize the system response by optimizing ζ and ω to achieve an absolute overshoot of exactly 0.2 at t = 2.0.

### Solution

We define two constraints on the solution obtained in Table 2 to demand that x(2) = -0.2 and v(2) = 0, then use NLSOLVE to solve for ω and ζ that staisfy these constraints. The two constraint formulas are shown in Table 3.

 C 1 =DYNVAL(J7)-(-0.2) 2 =DYNVAL(K7)

J7 and K7 refer to x(2) and v(2) values respectively from the solution array shown in Table 2. Note that we use DYNVAL to select the values from the solution array. DYNVAL is a dummy function that simply returns the value of its argument but in this context, it ensures that its argument is dynamically evaluated during the optimization.

We evaluate the array formula =NLSOLVE(C1:C2, (omega, zeta)) in array D1:E5 and obtain the solution shown in Table 4 and plotted in Figure 2. The new solution has an absolute overshoot of 0.2 at t=2 as desired.

Note. ExceLab 365 users pass omega and zeta variables by range reference D2:D3. Google Sheets users pass by range reference or as {omega,zeta}

 D E 1 omega 1.76493157 2 zeta 0.455950294 3 SSERROR 7.61331E-12 4 ITRN 11 5 TIME(s) 0.283

#### Exercise

What if we wanted our peak time to be at 2.5 instead of 2. Our solution array in Table 1 does not list the output point t=2.5. We have two options:

1. We can format the output to display the solution at t=2.5 (See Output Format section in IVSOLVE help page).

2. We modify the constraint formulas in Table 3 by employing INTERPXY to interpolate x and v at t = 2.5 as shown in Table 5.

 C 1 =INTERPXY(I2:I32,DYNVAL(J2:J32),2.5)-(-0.2) 2 =INTERPXY(I2:I32,DYNVAL(K2:K32),2.5)

Note that we use DYNVAL to select the displacement and velocity columns from the solution array because we want to use their dynamic values during the optimization. The time column values are static, therefore, we can select its values directly.

Please note. DYNVAL is a new function available in ExceLab 7.0 and later versions only. It replaces deprecated Criterion Functions used in earlier versions.

Using the same formula but with updated constraint formulas, NLSOLVE computes the new solution shown in table 6 Below and plotted in Figure 3. Note that the peak time has shifted to 2.5.

 D E 1 omega 1.411995975 2 zeta 0.455958508 3 SSERROR 1.55938E-25 4 ITRN 8 5 TIME(s) 0.152
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